Bank Finance · Debt-Equity

Debt-Equity Ratio Explained

The debt-equity ratio tells a bank how much of your project you're funding yourself versus how much you want it to lend. It's a quick read on risk — and it shapes how much you can borrow.

Last updated: · By CA Nikhil Gupta · ~6 min read

The debt-equity (D/E) ratio compares borrowed funds against the owner's own funds in a business. It signals how leveraged you are: a high ratio means the bank is carrying most of the risk, a low ratio means you have real skin in the game. It works alongside DSCR in every loan appraisal.

Contents

What the debt-equity ratio measures

The D/E ratio shows how a business is financed — how much comes from borrowing (debt) versus how much from the owner's funds (equity). A ratio of 2:1 means two rupees of borrowing for every rupee of the promoter's own money. The higher the ratio, the more leveraged — and riskier — the business looks to a lender.

How it's calculated

Debt-Equity Ratio = Total Debt ÷ Total Equity (owner's funds)

'Debt' here is typically the long-term borrowing; 'equity' is the promoter's capital and reserves. Banks read it straight from the projected balance sheet in your DPR.

What banks expect

For most MSME term loans, lenders are generally comfortable up to around a 2:1 debt-equity ratio, with some flexibility — a stronger or lower ratio reads as a safer, better-capitalised project, while a much higher ratio invites caution or a demand for more promoter funds. As with all such norms, the exact threshold follows the bank's own credit policy and the nature of the project.

Debt-equity & promoter contribution

The D/E ratio is really the flip side of your margin / promoter contribution. Bringing more of your own money lowers the ratio, reduces the loan, improves DSCR, and makes the whole file easier to approve. If a bank asks you to ‘bring in more margin’, it is usually because your debt-equity looks stretched. Planning the right promoter contribution up front — and counting any eligible subsidy toward the project — is part of structuring a fundable proposal.

Frequently asked questions

What is a good debt-equity ratio for a business loan?

For most MSME term loans, banks are generally comfortable up to around 2:1, with some flexibility. A lower ratio reads as a safer, better-capitalised project.

How is the debt-equity ratio calculated?

Total debt divided by total equity (the owner's funds and reserves). Banks read it from the projected balance sheet in your DPR.

What happens if my debt-equity ratio is too high?

The project looks over-leveraged, and the bank may lend less or ask you to bring in more promoter contribution to bring the ratio down.

How is debt-equity related to promoter contribution?

They are two sides of the same coin — bringing more of your own money lowers the debt-equity ratio, reduces the loan and improves DSCR, making the file easier to approve.

Structure your funding so the ratios work

We'll plan the right promoter contribution and means of finance — counting eligible subsidies — so your debt-equity and DSCR both clear the bank's bar. The first assessment is free.

Related reading: DSCR Explained · How to Prepare a DPR for a Bank Loan · Term Loan vs Working Capital · Working Capital Loan Guide · RIPS 2024 Capital Subsidy

Get the Funding Structure Right

CA Nikhil Gupta plans your promoter contribution and means of finance so debt-equity and DSCR both hold. Free assessment, no upfront fee.

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